MySQL Developing And Programming Blog

An Overview of MySQL 2 Finally, smaller businesses and individuals have access to the same powerful level of software tools that large corporations have had access to for over a decade. Why Use an RDBMS? Almost every piece of software that has been developed needs to persist or store data. Once data has been persisted, it is natural to assume that this data needs to be retrieved, changed, searched, and analyzed. You have many options for data persistence in your software, from rolling your own code, to creating libraries that access flat files, to using full-blown RDBMS systems. Factors to consider when choosing a persistence strategy include whether you need multiuser access, how you will manage storage requirements, whether you need transactional integrity, and whether the users of your software need ad hoc query capability. RDBMSs offer all of this functionality. Multiuser Access Many programs use flat files to store data. Flat files are simple to create and change. The files can be used by many tools, especially if they are in comma- or tab-delimited formats. A large selection of built-in and third-party libraries is available for dealing with flat files in Java. The java.util.Properties class included with the Java Development Kit is one example. Flat file systems can quickly become untenable when multiple users require simultaneous access to the data. To prevent corrupting the data in your file, you must lock the file during changes, and perhaps even during reads. While a file is locked, it cannot be accessed by other users. When the file becomes larger and the number of users increases, this leads to a large bottleneck because the file remains locked most of the time your users are forced to wait until they can have exclusive access to the data. RDBMSs avoid this situation by employing a number of locking strategies at varying granularities. Rather than using a single lock, the database system can lock an individual table, an individual page (a unit of storage in the database, usually covering more than one row), or an individual row. This increases throughput when multiple users are attempting to access your data, which is a common requirement in Web-based or enterprise-wide applications. Storage Transparency If you use flat files in your software, you are also responsible for managing their storage on disk. You have to figure out where and how to store the data, and
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CHAPTER 1 An Overview of MySQL In this chapter, we explain why you might choose to use a database system with your software. We also provide an overview of the MySQL database server and the Connector/J JDBC driver. For many years, large corporations have enjoyed the ability to deploy relational database management systems (RDBMSs) across their enterprise. Companies have used these systems to collect vast amounts of data that serve as the fuel for numerous applications that create useful business information. Until recently, RDBMS technology has been out of reach for small businesses and individuals. Widely used RDBMS systems such as Oracle and DB2 require complex, expensive hardware. License fees for these systems are in the tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars for each installation. Businesses must also hire and retain staff with specialized skill sets to maintain and develop these systems. Smaller enterprises have relied on systems like Microsoft Access and FoxPro to maintain their corporate data. Early on, during the explosive growth of the Internet, open source database systems like mSQL, Postgres (now PostgreSQL), and MySQL became available for use. Over a relatively short amount of time, the developers of these systems have provided a large subset of the functionality provided by the expensive commercial database systems. These open source database systems also run on less-expensive commodity hardware, and have proven in many cases to be easier to develop for and maintain than their commercial counterparts. 1

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INTRODUCTION xxii Appendix D: MySQL Functions and Operators The list of MySQL functions and operators in this appendix will help you determine when the database should handle computations versus the application. Each function and operator is described, and an example of its use is given. Appendix E: Connector/J Late-Breaking Additions The most current, up-to-date additions to Connector/J as it moves from gamma to production version.
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MySQL and Java Developer s Guide xxi all together using a Certificate Authority application. Using JSP, servlets, and EJB, the application shows how to create new accounts, request certificates, and enable the verification of certificates. All of the information, including the binary certificate, is stored in a MySQL database with multiple tables. Chapter 13: Database Administration Once you have a good knowledge of the MySQL database system as well as the fundamentals described in the previous chapters for accessing the data from Java, you must learn some database administration basics. In this chapter, we examine many of the functions within MySQL that benefit administrators, such as granting/revoking permissions, providing security within the server, and recovering from disasters. Chapter 14: Performance and Tuning Once the application is written and the information is safely sitting in a database, the users get the final say on whether or not the application meets their performance requirements. If the application isn t running at an appropriate level, you have a couple of options. First, you can profile the Java code to determine where the application is spending the most time and then rework the code associated with the problem areas. Second, you can tune the MySQL server and create indexes for the database tables. In this chapter, we provide the necessary information on performing these two options. Appendix A: MySQL Development and Test Environments We developed and tested all of the code in this blog on several different test architectures in order to provide a representative reference. This appendix briefly describes those environments and lists the installed software. In addition, we offer some notes for reproducing the configuration. Appendix B: Databases and Tables In this appendix, we list all databases and tables used in the examples throughout this blog. Appendix C: The JDBC API and Connector/J This appendix is a comprehensive review of the entire JDBC API, with annotations for Connector/J. Code snippets are provided to show at a quick glance how to use the various interfaces, classes, and methods.
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INTRODUCTION xx queries instead of one. This chapter looks at inserting multiple pieces of information into multiple tables, what problems can arise, and how transactions can be used to solve these problems. Chapter 9: Using Metadata After a query is performed against a MySQL database, the information is returned in a ResultSet object. This object includes all of the rows and columns specific to the query performed. In many cases, additional information is needed about the data, including the name of the columns in the result, the precision of the data in a float column, the maximum length of a column, and maybe even information about the server from which the data was returned. In this chapter, we discuss pulling metadata about both the database and a Result- Set that contains information from a query. Chapter 10: Connection Pooling with Connector/J In many cases, a JDBC driver requires between 4 and 10 different communications with a database application before a connection can be established and returned to the requesting application. If an application is constantly creating connections, doing its business, and then closing the connection, the application suffers in its potential performance. To overcome the connection performance problem, you can use a connection pool. This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to connection pools, presents valuable statistics for creating database connections, and demonstrates how to use the connection pooling mechanisms within JDBC. Chapter 11: EJBs with MySQL Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) provide the framework for building applications that can handle the rigors of enterprise-level applications. In addition, EJBs can be distributed across a network or a farm of servers. In this chapter, we cover the basic EJB programming model, using DataSources and JNDI, and building session beans to access MySQL. We also discuss container-managed persistence and bean-managed entity beans. Chapter 12: Building a General Interface for MySQL All of the chapters to this point have featured relatively simple examples using Java applications, applets, servlets, and JSP to illustrate the finer points of accessing a MySQL database using Java and Connector/J. This chapter pulls it

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MySQL and Java Developer s Guide xix All of the coding examples in this blog are built using MySQL as the primary database, Java as our coding language, and Connector/J, MySQL s JDBC driver. Although the installation of these components isn t overly difficult, this chapter provides comprehensive instructions for obtaining all of the necessary components and performing a step-by-step installation. We also provide simple examples for testing the installation. Chapter 5: Using JDBC with Java Applications and Applets This chapter is the first in a series on the use of Java to access a MySQL database using JDBC. Some of the basic functionality discussed includes loading the JDBC driver, connecting to a local or remote database, building JDBC statements in preparation for queries, executing queries against the MySQL database, working with ResultSets, and accessing MySQL-specific functionality through JDBC. Chapter 6: Achieving Advanced Connector/J Functionality with Servlets At this point, you ve learned the basics, and it s time to expand into the more advanced topics. This chapter is designed to expand your understanding of SQL, MySQL, and JDBC. The topics include updatable ResultSets, Prepared- Statements, date/time types, BLOBs and CLOBs, and joins. Chapter 7: MySQL Type Mapping One of the fundamental issues associated with databases and programming language is determining the correct mapping from one to the other. While programming languages have a large variety of types, including simple ones like integer, they also allow more complex ones, like classes. Databases, on the other hand, are limited in their choices for the types of data that can be stored. In the middle of this situation is the JDBC driver. This chapter discusses the types available on the MySQL database, how JDBC interprets those types, and the resulting Java type produced by the mapping. Chapter 8: Transactions and Table Locking with Connector/J In a simple world, information is stored in a single table of a database. When you have to update information or insert a new row, you can use a single query. However, most modern databases store information across several different tables to increase the normalization of the tables. In this situation, when you have to update information or insert new rows, you must write two
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I NTRODUCTION xviii Two different versions of MySQL are used throughout this blog: 4.0.4 and 3.23.52. JDBC connectivity is handled using MySQL s Connector/J driver, and we cover both versions 2.0.14 and development 3.0.1. Book Organization The first four chapters of this blog provide an overview of databases, JDBC, and installation of the tools you will be using. The remainder of the book is an in-depth guide to building database applications with MySQL, Connector/J, JDBC, and Java. Chapter 1: An Overview of MySQL MySQL is one of the most popular open source database systems available today, and it is used as the back-end data storage device for many personal and corporate Web sites. Java is the most portable language in use today and continues to be improved with each new release. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of each product and begin the discussion of how to interface the two and thus allow Java applications to have access to a vast array of information. Chapter 2: JDBC and Connector/J As shown in Chapter 1, JDBC facilitates the interface between Java and MySQL. The JDBC specification defines the interfaces and classes necessary for any Java application, applet, servlet, and so forth to make calls to an underlying database. Because the JDBC specification isn t specific to any one database system, manufacturers create JDBC drivers for their specific database. In this chapter, we discuss the history of JDBC, how it started, and its progress into a version 3.0 specification. We examine in depth the MySQL JDBC driver called Connector/J, and look at its history as the MM.MySQL JDBC driver as well as its future. Chapter 3: Working with MySQL SQL Before we delve into the concepts surrounding the interface between Java and MySQL, this chapter provides a basic overview of databases and SQL. Topics include basic concepts behind databases, simple database design, database normalization, and data manipulation. Chapter 4: Installing MySQL, Java, and Connector/J

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MySQL and Java Developer s Guide xvii Once you re familiar with these concepts, we present a complete application that pulls it all together. Our application illustrates how you can create to a simple authorization service. Using a combination of JSP, servlets, and EJBs, the service allows new users to create accounts, recall the account, and verify a username/password combination. The system is designed to be interactive using JSP pages, which are handled on the server using servlets. The JSPs can be bypassed using the servlets directly. All of the critical information is kept on the database for persistence and management needs. After reading this blog, you should know how to interface Java to MySQL and be able to use the many examples for reference. NOTE All the code and examples in this blog can be found on the the support Web site at www.wiley.com/compbooks/matthews. Who Should Read this blog this blog is written for Java developers who need to interface their code to a back-end database. The book s specifics deal with MySQL and Connector/J, but this doesn t limit the information because JDBC is designed to be portable against many databases. If you aren t using MySQL, you still find valuable information. You don t need to know much about databases we have included several chapters that provide all of the basics necessary to create databases and make sure they are operational. Keep in mind that we didn t intend these chapters to replace a good reference on MySQL, though. We do expect that you are an experienced Java developer who is comfortable with the language. this blog explains a combination of Java delivery methods, including applications, applets, beans, and EJBs; you may want to begin with what you know best and expand from there. The Technology Used In this blog, we use the latest Java Developments Kits (JDK) available from Sun at the time of writing. The JDKs we used include J2SE 1.4.0 and J2EE 1.3.1. The Java examples are used in a mixed environment, including Windows 2000/XP, Linux Mandrake, and Linux Slackware. For the most part, we developed the examples using simple text editors and compiled them using the Java command-line compiler. However, all the examples should work just fine in an IDE such as JBuilder.

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What s in this blog The primary goal of MySQL and Java Developer s Guide is to provide a comprehensive approach to writing code from a Java application to a MySQL database using the industry standard: JDBC. As you will see later in this Introduction, the chapter titles indicate what area of database connectivity and manipulation they cover. The chapters are ordered to reflect the JDBC specification, but we aren t here to simply describe the specification. We wrote all of the material in the book to highlight how MySQL s Connector/J JDBC driver achieves the interfacing of MySQL with Java while maintaining the spirit of the specification. With this in mind, we provide example code using all major forms of Java development, including Applications Applets Servlets JSPs EJBs As you work in Java and JDBC, you will see the true power of the specification. You can write database access code in a Java application and move the code to a servlet with little if any changes. In the case of EJBs and container-managed persistence, we devoted a full chapter to dealing with database access without the cumbersome details of SQL. We designed the layout of the book to move you through the entire process of writing Java code needed to access a back-end database. Developing the database is one of the first things that you must accomplish in this process. While we don t delve deeply into the theory of database development, you learn how to create databases in MySQL, administer those databases, and handle such details as granting access permissions. From there, we take you into an examination of the MySQL Connector/J driver and how it accomplishes its goal of portable database access. The remainder of the book steps you through Java code that highlights how to accomplish database tasks such as the following: Querying and updating Handling ResultSets Using transactions Handling typing issues between JDBC and MySQL Working with metadata Addressing efficiency issues
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a Data Communications Channel (DCC). Each room might have one or more operators to keep messages organized and many times free from spam. Here are a few IRC channels for you to visit in your search for help: Linux .#linux .#redhat .#linuxforumApache .#apacheMySQL .#mysqlPHP .#phpfreaks .#phpAn excellent IRC server that is dedicated to providing an interactive environment for coordi- nation and support of peer-directed projects such as open source is irc.freenode.net. You can find more information on freenode by going to www.freenode.net as well. This server originally started in 1998 and had only about 200 users in 20 channels. Now there are over 13,000 channels with as many as 16,000 simultaneous users. Most likely someone there can help you find the answers you need. They might even be able to provide you with scripts and files to make admin- istration life easier. To connect to the freenode network, you will need to acquire an IRC client for your computer. This is required as irc.freenode.net is not a web server. You might wish to use a command cli- ent such as ircII, XChat, or BitchX if you will be accessing IRC from your Linux computer. Oth- erwise, you can choose any of the available clients you can find on the Web. There are plenty of free applications that will get the job done. Often, there are multiple clients based on an original program, such as ircII or mIRC (for Windows). You should refer to each program s documen- tation for more information on setting up and configuring your client. Just make sure you are connecting to one of the irc.freenode.net servers if you wish to access their channels.
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